Verb
動詞・どうし
1. Definition
Verbs are words that express actions, states, or existence. In Japanese, verbs can be categorized based on their conjugation forms and meanings.
2. Classification of Verbs
Japanese verbs are typically divided into three categories: Group 1 (Godan verbs), Group 2 (Ichidan verbs), and Group 3 (Irregular verbs).
2.1. Group 1 Verbs (Godan Verbs)
- Characteristics: These verbs end with a sound in the "u" row and conjugate based on the final sound.
- Examples:
- 書く (かく, to write)
- 話す (はなす, to speak)
- 読む (よむ, to read)
2.2. Group 2 Verbs (Ichidan Verbs)
- Characteristics: These verbs end with "ru" and conjugate by removing "ru" and adding the appropriate auxiliary verb.
- Examples:
- 食べる (たべる, to eat)
- 見る (みる, to see)
- 寝る (ねる, to sleep)
2.3. Group 3 Verbs (Irregular Verbs)
- There are only two verbs in this category:
- する (to do)
- 来る (くる, to come)
Verbs have various conjugation forms, detailed below:
- Definition: The base form of the verb, typically used for dictionary lookup.
- Examples:
- Definition: A polite form used in formal expressions.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書く → 書きます |
本を書きます → I will write a book. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べる → 食べます |
ご飯を食べます → I will eat rice. |
する |
Group 3 |
する → します |
仕事をします → I will work. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来る → 来ます |
友達が来ます → My friend will come. |
- Definition: A form that indicates negation.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書きます → 書きません |
本を書きません → I will not write a book. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べます → 食べません |
ご飯を食べません → I will not eat rice. |
する |
Group 3 |
します → しません |
仕事をしません → I will not work. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来ます → 来ません |
友達が来ません → My friend will not come. |
- Definition: A form that indicates an action or state that occurred in the past.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書きます → 書きました |
本を書きました → I wrote a book. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べます → 食べました |
ご飯を食べました → I ate rice. |
する |
Group 3 |
します → しました |
仕事をしました → I worked. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来ます → 来ました |
友達が来ました → My friend came. |
- Definition: Used to connect sentences or to make requests.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書きます → 書いて |
本を書いて → Please write the book. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べます → 食べて |
ご飯を食べて → Please eat the rice. |
する |
Group 3 |
します → して |
仕事をして → Please work. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来ます → 来て |
友達が来て → Please come, friend. |
- Definition: Indicates a passive action.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書く → 書かれる |
本が書かれた → The book was written. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べる → 食べられる |
食べ物が食べられた → The food was eaten. |
する |
Group 3 |
する → される |
仕事がされた → The work was done. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来る → 来られる |
友達が来られた → The friend was able to come. |
- Definition: Indicates making someone do something.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書く → 書かせる |
子供に書かせる → I make my child write. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べる → 食べさせる |
子供に食べさせる → I make my child eat. |
する |
Group 3 |
する → させる |
仕事をさせる → I make someone work. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来る → 来させる |
友達を来させる → I make my friend come. |
- Definition: Indicates intention or plan.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書く → 書こう |
本を書こう → Let's write a book. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べる → 食べよう |
ご飯を食べよう → Let's eat rice. |
する |
Group 3 |
する → しよう |
仕事をしよう → Let's work. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来る → 来よう |
友達が来よう → Let's have a friend come. |
- Definition: Indicates ability or possibility.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書く → 書ける |
本が書ける → I can write a book. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べる → 食べられる |
食べ物が食べられる → The food can be eaten. |
する |
Group 3 |
する → できる |
仕事ができる → I can work. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来る → 来られる |
友達が来られる → The friend can come. |
- Definition: Indicates prohibition.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書く → 書くな |
本を書くな → Do not write the book. |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べる → 食べるな |
ご飯を食べるな → Do not eat rice. |
する |
Group 3 |
する → するな |
仕事をするな → Do not work. |
来る |
Group 3 |
来る → 来るな |
友達が来るな → Do not come, friend. |
- Definition: Indicates a command.
- Examples:
Verb |
Classification |
Conjugation Rule |
Example |
書く |
Group 1 |
書く → 書け |
本を書け → Write the book! |
食べる |
Group 2 |
食べる → 食べろ |
ご飯を食べろ → Eat the rice! |
する |
Group 3 |
する → しろ |
仕事をしろ → Do the work! |
来る |
Group 3 |
来る → 来い |
友達が来い → Come, friend! |
4. Important Notes
- Understanding the conjugation forms of verbs is essential for improving accuracy in Japanese expression.
- In spoken language, the variations of verb conjugation can be significant, so understanding these rules is crucial for daily communication.
5. Summary
Japanese verbs have rich and varied conjugation forms. Mastering these forms helps enhance your ability to express yourself in Japanese and improve the fluency of your communication. Continuous practice and application can lead to a better understanding and usage of Japanese verbs.