〜てある

To have been done (for a purpose); to be in a state of

1. Overview

「〜てある」is a Japanese grammatical structure used to express that something has been done intentionally for a specific purpose or that a state has been established. This structure indicates that the action is completed and that the result is relevant to the current situation.

2. Structure

Grammar structure:
- Verb (て-form) + ある
Explanation: This structure implies that an action has been taken and that it has resulted in a current state relevant to the situation.

3. Usage Explanation

Connection: It is used to describe situations where an action has been completed for a specific purpose, and that completion affects the present context.
Translation: Common translations include "to have been done" or "to be in a state of."

4. Example Sentences

部屋がきれいに掃除してある。
The room has been cleaned (for someone to use).
この本はもう読んである。
This book has already been read (and is now available to discuss).
食事が用意してある。
The meal has been prepared (for you to eat).
カーテンが閉めてある。
The curtains have been closed (to keep the light out).
ドアがロックしてある。
The door is locked (for security).

5. Alternative Grammar

〜ている: Used to express that an action is currently in progress or that a state continues over time.
- Example: 彼は勉強している。
  He is studying.

〜ておく: Used to indicate that something has been done in advance for future use.
- Example: 宿題をしておく。
  I will do my homework in advance.

7. Key Points to Note

Context: 「〜てある」is often used in descriptions of states that result from previous actions and is commonly found in both spoken and written Japanese.
Tone: This phrase has a neutral tone and is used to convey factual information about the state of something.

8. Summary

「〜てある」is used to indicate that an action has been completed intentionally for a specific purpose, resulting in a current state that is relevant to the situation. It emphasizes the connection between past actions and their present consequences.