〜によると・〜によれば

According to...; Based on...; According to...

1. Meaning

「〜によると」 and 「〜によれば」 are expressions in Japanese used to indicate the source of information. They are commonly used to cite someone's statements, reports, or research findings, implying that certain information is based on a specific source.

2. Overview

These expressions are often used in news reports, discussions, or any context that requires citing external information. They indicate the source, basis, or reasoning behind certain information and typically follow nouns or verbs.

3. Structure

• Grammar Structure:

  • Noun + によると
  • Noun + によれば
  • Verb (dictionary form) + によると
  • Verb (dictionary form) + によれば

• Explanation:

  • 「〜によると」 emphasizes the source of the information and is often used in news reports or explanatory contexts.
  • 「〜によれば」 is relatively more formal and is commonly used in written language or academic discussions.

4. Usage Explanation

• Connection: Both 「〜によると」 and 「〜によれば」 can be used to cite someone's opinion, message, or research results, with similar grammatical structures and interchangeable usage.

• Translation: They are generally translated as "according to..." or "based on...".

5. Example Sentences

1. 天気予報によると、明日は雨が降るそうです。
   According to the weather forecast, it is said that it will rain tomorrow.

2. 専門家によれば、この薬は非常に効果的だそうです。
   According to experts, this medicine is very effective.

3. 新聞によると、今年の冬は特に寒くなる見込みです。
   According to the news, this winter is expected to be particularly cold.

4. 友人によれば、あのレストランは美味しいらしい。
   According to my friend, that restaurant is said to be delicious.

5. 資料によると、人口は年々増加している。
   According to the data, the population is increasing year by year.

6. Alternative Grammar

• 〜から見ると: Indicates a perspective or viewpoint.
  • Example: この結果から見ると、彼の方法は正しい。
    From this result, his method seems correct.

7. Related Grammar

• 〜によって: Indicates based on a particular situation or factor.
  • Example: この決定は多くの要因によって左右される。
    This decision is influenced by many factors.

8. Notes

• Formality: Both 「〜によると」 and 「〜によれば」 can be used in formal and informal situations, but 「〜によれば」 is more suitable for written language or formal conversations.

• Usage: Ensure that the information cited is accurate and from a reliable source to avoid misleading the audience or readers.

9. Summary

「〜によると」 and 「〜によれば」 are commonly used expressions in Japanese for citing someone's statements or the source of information, helping the audience or readers understand the origin of the news. They are frequently used in both spoken and written language, suitable for various contexts.