〜ずに

not doing...; without doing...

1. Translation

"〜ずに" is used to indicate that an action has not been performed, emphasizing the state of "not doing something."

2. Overview

This structure is used to express the non-execution of a certain action, usually related to negation. It is commonly used in both spoken and written language.

3. Structure

• Grammar Structure:

  • Verb (negative form) + ずに
  • Verb (past form) + ずに

• Explanation: It means "not doing...," used to describe situations where an action has not been performed.

4. Usage Explanation

• Connection:

  • It primarily connects with the negative form of verbs, indicating that the action has not been executed.

• Translation: Translated as "not doing..." or "without doing..."

5. Example Sentences

1. 勉強せずに試験を受けるのは無理だ。
   It’s impossible to take the exam without studying.

2. 何も言わずに行ってしまった。
   He left without saying anything.

3. 食べずに寝てしまった。
   I went to sleep without eating.

4. 確認せずに提出してしまった。
   I submitted it without checking.

5. 彼女は準備せずにパーティーに行った。
   She went to the party without preparing.

6. Alternative Grammar

• 〜ないで: This can be replaced with "〜ないで," emphasizing the non-execution of an action.
  • Example: 勉強しないで遊んでいる。
    I’m playing without studying.

7. Related Grammar

• 〜ず: Commonly used in classical Japanese, gradually being replaced by the "〜ない" form in modern Japanese.
  • Example: 行かずして帰る。
    Return without going.

8. Notes

• Context: This structure is suitable for expressing negation and incomplete states.

• Tone: Generally neutral, suitable for both formal and informal contexts.

9. Summary

"〜ずに" is used to express situations where a certain action has not been performed, emphasizing "not doing something." It is applicable in various contexts of negation.