〜に反して・に反する・に反した

Contrary to...; Against...

1. Overview

「〜に反して」 and its variations 「〜に反する」 and 「〜に反した」 are grammatical structures used to express that something is contrary to or in violation of expectations, rules, or common sense. This structure is often used in formal or written contexts to highlight a contrast or opposition.

2. Structure

• Noun + に反して
• Noun + に反する + Noun
• Noun + に反した + Noun

3. Usage Explanation

• Expressing Opposition or Violation:
  「〜に反して」 is used to indicate that a particular action or result is contrary to expectations, rules, orders, or common sense.

• Formal Context:
  This structure is formal and is commonly used in written language or formal discussions.

• English Translation:
  It can be translated as "contrary to..." or "against...".

4. Example Sentences

1. 予想に反して、試験はとても難しかった。
   Contrary to expectations, the exam was very difficult.

2. 上司の命令に反して、彼は独自に行動した。
   Against the boss's orders, he acted independently.

3. 我々の期待に反して、計画は失敗に終わった。
   Contrary to our expectations, the plan ended in failure.

4. 規則に反する行為は許されない。
   Actions against the rules are not permitted.

5. 彼の発言は、常識に反したものだった。
   His statement was against common sense.

5. Key Points

• Opposition:
  「〜に反して」 is mainly used to emphasize that an action or result is opposite to expectations, rules, or orders, creating a strong contrast.

• Common Combinations:
  This structure is often paired with nouns like "expectations" (期待), "predictions" (予想), "orders" (命令), "rules" (規則), and "common sense" (常識).

6. Similar Grammar

• 〜に違いない: Used to express strong certainty or belief that something is true.
  • Example: 彼はもうすぐ来るに違いない。
    He is sure to arrive soon.

7. Alternative Grammar

• 〜にもかかわらず: Expresses that something happened despite a particular situation or condition.
  • Example: 雨が降っているにもかかわらず、試合は続けられた。
    Despite the rain, the match continued.

8. Summary

「〜に反して」 and its variations 「〜に反する」 and 「〜に反した」 are used to express that something is contrary to expectations, rules, or common sense. This structure is often found in formal or written contexts and emphasizes contrast or violation.